|
 |
|
ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
|
|
|
| Year : 2017 | Volume
: 10
| Issue : 3 | Page : 178-184 |
| |
Hysterosalpingographic (HSG) pattern of infertility in women of reproductive age
Chinwe R Onwuchekwa, Vaduneme K Oriji
Department of Radiology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| Date of Web Publication | 12-Oct-2017 |
Correspondence Address:
Chinwe R Onwuchekwa
Department of Radiology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State
Nigeria
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_121_16
 Abstract | | |
Background: Infertility is a complex disorder with significant medical, psychological and economic problems. Aims: The aim of the study is to evaluate the structural abnormalities of the uterus and fallopian tubes in infertile women as elucidated by hysterosalpingography. Setting and Design: A retrospective study, conducted at the Radiology and Obstetric and Gynaecologic Departments of a tertiary health care institution. Materials and Methods: Evaluation of all consecutive patients in whom hysterosalpingographic (HSG) was performed for infertility between July 2013 and June 2015 in the Department of Radiology. For the biodata, indications for the investigation and the HSG findings were obtained. Statistical Analysis: The data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) for Windows, version 20 software. Results: A total of 299 patients were evaluated. Of these, 250 were for infertility with primary and secondary infertility constituting 18.4 and 81.6%, respectively. Seventy percent of the cases for infertility had abnormalities on the HSG. Normal uterine cavity was found in 123 (49.2%) cases. Uterine filling defects were the most common uterine abnormality. Fallopian tube occlusion, loculated contrast material spillage and hydrosalpinx were more common on the right, and bilateral tubal occlusion was seen only in 11.2%. All cases of intravasation were associated with either unilateral or bilateral fallopian tube blockage or irregularity of the uterus. Conclusion: There was a high incidence of tubal disease in the women presenting with infertility. This was commonly as a result of infection and inflammatory process. This study showed that HSG is very vital in detecting birth canal pathologies; hence, the facility for this important procedure, especially fluoroscopy, should be made available in the health centres for adequate assessment of the women with infertility.
Keywords: Contrast material, fallopian tube, fluoroscopy, hysterosalpingography, infertility, uterus
How to cite this article:
Onwuchekwa CR, Oriji VK. Hysterosalpingographic (HSG) pattern of infertility in women of reproductive age. J Hum Reprod Sci 2017;10:178-84 |
| Introduction | |  |
Infertility is a complex disorder with significant medical, psychological and economic problems. It is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive after 12 months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.[1] Infertility is primary if the couples had never been pregnant, whereas secondary infertility is the inability to get pregnant after an earlier pregnancy which may or may not have led to live birth.[2]
It is estimated that 10–15% of the couples globally experience infertility.[3] In the United Kingdom and United States, it is estimated to be about 6 and 10%, respectively.[4] In Africa, its prevalence is particularly high in the sub-Saharan region, ranging from 20 to 60% of the couples.[5] This has been attributed to the high rate of sexually transmitted diseases, complications of unsafe abortion and puerperal pelvic infections.[6] Community-based studies in some parts of Nigeria reported the rates of infertility to be as high as 45%.[7] It is documented that 15% of all women experience primary or secondary infertility at one point in time in their reproductive life. Infertility in women could be caused by disorders at the Fallopian tube More Detailss, uterus, cervix and ovaries, but more specifically a disorder in the fallopian tubes is the reason for infertility in about 35–40%.[8] Patent fallopian tubes is a prerequisite for normal human fertility. The fallopian tubes are highly specialized organs. They have a critical role in picking up eggs and transporting eggs, sperm and embryo. The fallopian tubes are also needed for sperm capacitation and egg fertilization. The fallopian tubes are vulnerable to infections and surgical damage, which may impair function by affecting the delicate fimbriae or highly specialized endosalpinx. Fallopian tube patency, morphology of the uterus and cervix are best assessed by hysterosalpingogram, which is simple, safe and inexpensive, compared to the other methods of evaluation of these structures. It has a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 83% in detecting tubal blockage.[9] It has also been suggested that hysterosalpingography has a therapeutic role in enhancing subfertility.[10] Other imaging modalities which play vital roles in assessing infertility in females include ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Transvaginal ultrasound scan is a standard first choice procedure, which could be complemented by saline or hysterosalpingo contrast sonography (HyCoSy). This has been found to be highly sensitive, specific and accurate in identifying uterine abnormalities or polyps but has limited value in the assessment of tubal abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging is also limited in its role in fallopian tube assessment but invaluable in evaluating congenital Mϋllerian duct anomalies and uterine wall lesions. Hysteroscopy and laparoscopy are other complementary but invasive and expensive procedures for fallopian tubes, uterus and cervix evaluation.[11]
The aim of the study is to evaluate the structural abnormalities of the uterus and tubes in infertile women as elucidated by hysterosalpingography.
| Materials and Methods | | |
The study was performed at the Radiology Department and Obstetrics and Gynaecology of a tertiary health institution. All consecutive patients in whom hysterosalpingographic (HSG) was performed for infertility between July 2013 and June 2015 were included. Patients whose medical files, request forms or radiographs were not traceable were excluded. The biodata and indications for the investigation and the HSG findings were obtained.
The study protocol was planned in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by our institutional ethics committee.
Statistical analysis
The data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and chi-squared test for categorical variables where appropriate.
Hysterosalpingoraphic technique
The HSG examination was performed at the Radiology Department of our institution by trained radiologists who also interpreted the results thereafter. All the patients provided referral request forms from the gynaecologists or family medicine physicians. Verbal informed consent was obtained from the patient after due explanation of the procedure and possible complications with reassurance. The examination was performed during days 7–12 of the menstrual cycle (day 1 being the first day of menstrual bleeding). This is because the endometrium was thin during this proliferative phase and also facilitated image interpretation and ensured that there was no existing pregnancy. Contraindication for the procedure included pregnancy, active pelvic inflammatory disease, bleeding and severe allergy to iodine-based contrast agents.
The procedure was performed using fluoroscopy. The patient was placed in supine position on the fluoroscopy table, and a scout film of the pelvis was acquired to assess for proper positioning, technical factors and radiopaque pelvic lesions. The patient was placed in lithotomy position. Using aseptic technique, the cervix was visualized with the aid of speculum and the anterior lip held with a Volsellum forceps. A matching size Everard Williams or Leech–Wilkinson uterine cannula was inserted into the endocervical canal after sounding the uterus with a uterine sound. Maintaining a seal between the cannula and cervical canal with gentle traction on the Volsellum and pressure on the cannula, 15–20 ml of water-soluble contrast medium, urografin 76% (sodium amidotrizoate + meglumine amidotrizoate) was injected slowly into the uterine cavity. The appearance of the uterine cavity and patency of the fallopian tubes were assessed by direct image intensification. Spot films during the phases of early uterine filling, tubal filling and peritoneal spill were taken. A release film was taken to check for the clearance of the contrast from the pelvic cavity, especially if there was hydrosalpinx. For the detection of minor deformities of the uterine cavity, it was essential to obtain the radiographs of the uterus in the true anteroposterior projection, and this was achieved by the cervical traction and oblique positioning of the patient where necessary. All HSG examinations were interpreted by the direct visualization of hard copy images, checking for unilateral and bilateral spillage of contrast medium into the pelvic cavity and abnormalities in the outline of the cervix and uterine cavity, which may suggest uterine anomalies.
| Results | | |
A total of 299 patients were involved in this study. Of these, 250 were investigated for infertility, whereas 49 were for reasons order than infertility. There were 46 (18.4%) cases of primary infertility and 204 (81.6%) cases of secondary infertility. The age range was 19–44 years, whereas the mean was 32.39 years (STD ± 5.39 years). The mean age of women with primary infertility was 31.73 years, whereas that for the secondary infertility was 32.34 years. Majority of the patients 93 (37.2%) were in the age range of 30–34 years [Table 1].
Seventy-three (29.2%) patients had no pathology, whereas 177 (70.8%) had pathologies in the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes or in more than one of the structures. Normal uterine cavity was found in 123 (49.2%) cases [Figure 1], 202 (80.8%) cases had smooth outline, whereas 43 (17.2%) had irregular contour. The uterus was not demonstrable in 4 (1.6%) cases and only one case had unicornuate uterus. The size of the uterus was within normal limits in 169 (67.6%) cases, but large in 54 (21.6%) cases [Figure 2] and [Figure 3] and of small size in 23 (9.2%) cases. Uterine filling defects were seen in 78 (31.2%) cases with 34 (13.6%) having synechiae [Figure 4] and 44 (17.6%) having smooth filling defects [Figure 5] and [Figure 6]B consisting of intrinsic and extrinsic filling defects [Table 2]. | Figure 1: A normal size uterine cavity with both fallopian tubes demonstrated and there was free spillage of the contrast material. Both the cervical canal and the uterine cavity are normal in outline
Click here to view |
 | Figure 3: Enlarged, elongated and distorted uterine cavity due to intramural lieomyoma. The fallopian tubes were not demonstrated and there was no contrast material spill into the pelvic cavity
Click here to view |
 | Figure 5: Intrinsic filling defect due to a large submucous uterine leiomyoma
Click here to view |
 | Figure 6: (A) Irregular uterine cavity margin and (B) a ring-like filling defect in the right side of the fundus of the uterine cavity
Click here to view |
There were 27 (10.8%) cases with uterine leiomyoma on the HSG. Enlarged uterine size [Figure 3] was found in 18 (7.2%), whereas 9 (3.6%) had normal size uterus. None of the cases with small uterine size had leiomyoma. There were only two cases of cervical abnormalities which included synechia and irregularity [Figure 7]. | Figure 7: (A) Irregular cervical canal with a linear filling defect. (B) A ring-like filling defect in the cervix and occlusion of the right tube at the isthmus
Click here to view |
[Table 3] shows the HSG pattern of the fallopian tubes; 44 (17.6%) right tubes and 49 (19.6%) left tubes were not demonstrated, whereas 171 (68.4%) and 167 (66.8%) right and left tubes, respectively, were fully demonstrated. There was loculated contrast material spillage in nine and seven cases on the right and the left, respectively. The free spillage of contrast material was seen in 162 (64.8%) cases on the right and 160 (64%) cases on the left. Bilateral free contrast material spillage was seen in 130 (52%) cases. Tubal occlusion was seen in 19 (7.6%) and 22 (8.8%) cases on the right and the left, respectively. Of these, distal obstruction was the most common abnormality constituting 15 (6%) on the right and 16 (6.4%) on the left. Bilateral tubal occlusion was seen in 28 (11.2%) cases. Hydrosalpinx was found in 16 (6.4%) and 12 (4.8%) cases on the right and left, respectively, with the non-spillage of contrast material being the most frequent on both sides.
Venous intravasation [Figure 8] was noted in 16 (6.4%) cases. All the 16 cases were associated with either unilateral or bilateral fallopian tube blockage or irregularity of the uterus. | Figure 8: Extensive intravasation in (A) highly scared uterine cavity and (B) small uterine cavity with bilateral fallopian tubes occlusion
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
Though there are other advanced and efficient methods of evaluating the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes in women presenting with infertility, hysterosalpingogram is still widely used because it is cheap, readily available and easy to interpret. It reveals the abnormalities in the cervix, uterus and fallopian tubes at a lower cost and non-invasively. It is readily available and usually the first line of imaging evaluation of the fallopian tubes in infertility, especially in developing countries such as ours.
In this study, secondary infertility (81.6%) is more prevalent than primary infertility (18.4%). Similar observations were made by previous researchers.[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19] Contrary to our finding, some studies observed that primary infertility is the most common indication for hysterosalpingography in infertile women.[20],[21] One of such studies excluded 90 cases who did not meet the criteria for inclusion and this could have influenced their findings.[20] In the same study, the authors expressed alarm over the unexpected finding of cervical and uterine synechiae in patients with primary infertility and wondered if the patients gave valid response to parity, especially because most of the patients may have denied the premarital termination of pregnancy for the fear of marital disharmony.[20]
This study reveals a mean age of 32.4 years and also showed that the greatest number of the infertile women presenting for HSG are within the age range of 30–34 years. This is not surprising because it is the peak of the female reproduction stage. Similar mean age was observed in previous studies.[14],[20] Due to increased female education, most females in our environment got married between the ages of 24 and 30 years. If pregnancy is not achieved after marriage, there is more delay at presenting for medical evaluation, because the first line of action was usually dedication to religious activities and prayers. However, after a few years of unsuccessful patience, increased desire to achieve pregnancy and in some cases the increased burden of domestic violence from spouse and in-laws, as she is assumed to be the cause of the problem, leads to submission to medical consultation and investigations.[11]
The result of the study revealed that 29.2% of the cases had normal HSG findings. This is lower than the 44.2% reported previously in a similar study.[22] This difference could be attributed to the fact that the previous study was not conducted under fluoroscopy and some of the lesions could have been obliterated by contrast material. Similar studies in Kampala and Nnewi recorded 16.6 and 29.1% of normal findings, respectively.[18],[20]
This study revealed a higher frequency of uterine cavity abnormalities (50.8%) which is similar to the 47% recorded in a similar study in Nnewi[20] but higher than the 26.8% recorded in a previous study in Port Harcourt.[22] The low frequency in the previous report in Port Harcourt could be attributed to the reasons mentioned above.
Uterine filling defects were very common in this study constituting 31.2%, most of which were smooth and associated with uterine leiomyoma in 17.6%. Mgbor[23] and Imo and Adeoye[12] made similar observations in their studies, with leiomyoma constituting 13.5 and 20%, respectively. Some researchers had contrary findings because they recorded higher frequency in uterine synachiae, which they attributed to infections and excessive uterine curretage.[13]
Only one (0.4%) case of congenital uterine abnormality was encountered in this study which is close to 3 (0.9%) and 2 (0.8%) cases reported by Danfulani et al.[14] and Akinola et al.[24] respectively, but lower than 10 (3.6%) cases reported by Bukar et al.[13]
This study shows that 130 cases had normal fallopian tubes with free contrast material spillage, whereas 120 (48%) cases had fallopian tube abnormalities. This is comparable to 33.6, 40 and 43.55% fallopian tube abnormalities recorded in previous studies.[14],[15],[20]
Bilateral tubal occlusion was seen in 11.2%. This is higher than the 4% previously reported in Port Harcourt[22] and the 4.5% reported in Sokoto[14] but close to the 18.7% reported in Nnewi.[20] Broeze et al.[25] in a meta-analysis of seven studies on the hysterosalpingography diagnosis of tubal pathologies revealed that the overall prevalence of bilateral tubal pathology was 15% with a range across studies from 9 to 21%.Tubal obstruction was found to be more common on the right 8.8% than on the left 7.6% of the cases. A high frequency of right fallopian tube involvement was also reported by previous researchers[20],[26] who had attributed it to previous appendicectomy and its surgical complications. However, in this study, we did not collect data on postsurgical complications. Distal fallopian tube obstruction was the most common form of tubal obstruction. This obstruction is commonly caused by previous pelvic infections and adhesions; previous studies had shown that infections were the most important cause of infertility in our environment.[23],[27],[28],[29]
Hydrosalpinx was also noted to be more common on the right. This was seen in 6.4% of the cases and majority showed the absence of contrast material spillage. Similar incidence was reported in previous studies where the incidence of hydrosalpinx ranged from 7.2 to 11%.[12],[23] However, other researchers recorded higher incidences of 20 and 33.1%.[4],[30] Pelvic infections cause adhesions commonly at the ampullary region of the fallopian tubes leading to the blockage of the tubes. The accumulation of secretions within these blocked fallopian tubes causes the tubes to dilate resulting in hydrosalpinx.[31]
Intravasation occurred in 6.4% of the study population. This is within the prevalence range of 0.4–6.9% reported in previous studies.[32],[33] All the cases of intravasation were associated with either unilateral or bilateral tubal blockage or irregularity of the uterine cavity. Similar findings were reported by Chang and Shim[34] and Perry,[35] which they attributed to the increased intrauterine pressure due to the obstruction of the exit of contrast material from the tubes.
In conclusion, there was a high incidence of tubal disease in women presenting with infertility. This commonly would have been as a result of infection and inflammatory process as shown by high distal tubal involvement and hydrosalpinx. The high frequency of complications resulting from pelvic infections could be reduced by female education early in life. The practice of good personal hygiene and the need to seek medical attention with the onset of symptoms should be the emphasis. Aggressive medical care for post-abortal and post-puerperal sepsis should be pursued by the managing physician. Self-medication including assess to antibiotics from pharmacy shops should be discouraged. This study showed that HSG is very vital in detecting birth canal pathologies; hence, the facility for this important procedure, especially fluoroscopy, should be made available in the health centres for adequate assessment of the women with infertility.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Pundir J, El Toukhy T. Uterine cavity assessment prior to IVF. Womens Health 2010;6:841-8.  |
| 2. | Abubakar AP, Yusuf TS. The profile of infertility in a teaching hospital in North West Nigeria. Sahel Med J 2014;17:7-11. |
| 3. | Evers JL, Collins JA. Assessment of efficacy of varicocele repair for male subfertility: A systemic review. Lancet 2003;361:1849-52. |
| 4. | Okonofua FE. Infertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Okonofua F, Odunsi K, editors. Contemporary Obstetrics and Gynaecology for Developing Countries. Benin City, Nigeria: WHARC; 2003. p. 128-56. |
| 5. | Ogunniyi SO, Makinde OO, Dare FO. Abortion related deaths in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci 1999;19:271-4. |
| 6. | Idrisa A. Infertility. In: Kwawukume EY, Emuveyan EE, editors. Comprehensive Gynaecology in the Tropics. Accra Graphics Packaging; 2005. p. 333-43. |
| 7. | Adetoro OO, Ebomoyi EW. Prevalence of infertility in a rural Nigerian community. Afr J Med Med Sci 1991;20:23-7. |
| 8. | Reis MM, Soares SR, Cancado ML, Camargos AF. Hysterosalpingo-contrast Sonography (Hycosy) with SH U 454 (Echorist) for the assessment of tubal patency. Hum Reprod 1998;13:3049-52. |
| 9. | Khalaf Y. ABC of subfertility tubal subfertility. BMJ 2003;327:610-3. |
| 10. | Phaylim C, Hasafa Z, Bhattacharya S, Maheshwari A. Should a hysterosalpingogram be a first-line investigation to diagnose female tubal subfertility in the modern subfertility workup? Hum Reprod 2011;26:967-71. |
| 11. | Balen VF. Interpreting infertility; social science research on childlessness in a global perspective, Amsterdam. Afr J Reprod Health 2000;4:120-2. |
| 12. | Imo AO, Adeoye IS. Radiological assessment of the uterus and fallopian tubes in infertile women at Abakaliki, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract 2008;11:211-51. [ PUBMED] |
| 13. | Bukar M, Mustapha Z, Takai UI, Tahir A. Hysterosalpingographic findings in infertile women: A seven year review. Niger J Clin Pract 2011;14:168-70. [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
| 14. | Danfulani M, Mohammed MS, Ahmed SS, Haruna YG. Hysterosalphingographic findings in women with infertility in Sokoto North Western Nigeria. Afr J Med Health Sci 2014;13:19-23. [Full text] |
| 15. | Bello TO. Tubal abnormalities on hysterosalpingography in primary & secondary infertility. West Afr J Med 2006;25:130-3. |
| 16. | Obejide AO, Ladigo OA, Otolorin FO, Makamagola JD. Infertility in Nigerian women. A study of related physiological factors. J Obst Gynaecol East Cent Afr 1986;613. |
| 17. | Kiguli-Malwade E, Byanyima RK. Structural findings at hysterosalpingography in patients with infertility at two private clinics in Kampala, Uganda. Afr Health Sci 1994;4:178-81. |
| 18. | Elsie KM, Rosemary KB. Structural finding at hysterosalpingography in patients with infertility at private clinic in Kampala, Uganda. Afr Health Sci 2004;4:178-81. |
| 19. | Kitila T. Infertility investigation, sociodermographic characteristics and dropouts of infertile women at family guidance association in Ethiopia. Ethiop Health Dev 2000;14:127-34. |
| 20. | Okafor CO, Okafor CI, Okpala OC, Umeh E. The pattern of hysterosalpingoraphic findings in women being investigated for infertility in Nnewi, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract 2010;13:264-7. [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
| 21. | Daniel A, Yewebdar N. Evaluation of the fallopian tubes in infertile women by hysterosalpingography in Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int J Nurs Midwifery 2011;3:178-81. |
| 22. | Nwankwo NC, Akani CI. Pattern of hysterosalpingographic findings in infertility in Port Harcourt. West Afr J Radiol 2005;12:15-9. |
| 23. | Mgbor SO. Pattern of hysterosalphingographic findings in gynaecological patients in Enugu. Niger Med J 2006;47:14-6. |
| 24. | Akinola RA, Akinola OI, Fabamwo AO. Pattern of genital tract abnormalities on hysterosalpingography in infertile patients in Ikeja, Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J 2009;16:31-4. |
| 25. | Broeze KA, Opmeer BC, Van Geloven N, Coppus SF, Collins JA, Den Hartog JE et al. Are patient characteristics associated with the accuracy of hysterosalpingography in diagnosing tubal pathology? An individual patient data meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2011;17:293-300. |
| 26. | Adetiloye VA. Hysterosalphingography in the investigation of infertility: Experience with 248 patients. West Afr J Med 1993;12:191-6. |
| 27. | Case AM, Pierson RA. Clinical use of sonohysterography in the evaluation of infertility. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2003;25:641-8. |
| 28. | Adinma JB, Adinma E, Okpala OC. Hysterosalphingography in management of infertility. Bilatera tubal occlusion. West Afr J Radiol 1995;3:29-33. |
| 29. | Idrisa A, Ojiyi E, Hamidu AU. Hysterosalphingography versus laparoscopy in the evaluation of female infertility in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Trop J Obstet Gynaecol 2003;20:20-3. |
| 30. | Asaleye CM, Adetiloye VA, Oyinlola TO. Review of hysterosalphingographic reports done for infertility over a 10 year period. Niger J Health Sci 2004;4:36-9. |
| 31. | William LS, Laura GB, Jolinda M. Hysterosalpingography: A reemerging study. Radiographics 2006;26:419-31. |
| 32. | Gowin W, Fuchs P. Pericaval intravasation of contrast media in the changed indication for hysterosalpingography. Rontgenblatter 1984;37:26-8. |
| 33. | Nunley WC, Bateman BG, Kitchin JD, Pope TL. Intravasation during hystero-salpingography using oil-base contrast medium: A second look. Obstet Gynecol 1987;70:309-12. |
| 34. | Chang MC, Shim JJ. Venous intravasation: A potential pitfall of confirmatory hysterosalpingogram following essure hysteroscopic sterilization. J Radiol Case Rep 2012;6:18-22. |
| 35. | Perry EB. Uterosalpingography. J Natl Med Assoc 1935;7:153-8. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Ethiodized poppyseed oil-based contrast medium is superior to water-based contrast medium during hysterosalpingography regarding image quality improvement and fertility enhancement: A multicentric, randomized and controlled trial |
|
| Jing Zhang, Weishun Lan, Yitang Wang, Kunshan Chen, Guofu Zhang, Wenzhong Yang, Huichun Chen, Wenjian Xu, Jianxin Ma, Wenhua Qin, Yao Zhang, Wuquan Wang, Huichun Wang, Zijun Dong, Yanli Wang, Yi Chen, Ning Gang, Yichuan Tang | | eClinicalMedicine. 2022; 46: 101363 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Evaluation of radiological pattern of HSG in female patients with infertility in Katsina Northwestern Nigeria |
|
| HabibaB Saidu, Mustapha Mohammed, NaimatuA T. Abdullahi, MohammedA El habeeb, FataiA Salihu, Habib Ibrahim, MohammadA Suwaid, MustaphaS Hikima, AbubakarS Sunusi, MaikudiM Haruna, AliyuM Umar, MohammedA Hamza, AbdullahiA Sani, MurtalaO Abdulwaheed, S Abdulrasheed, SM Abubakar | | Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences. 2022; 19(1): 15 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Evaluation of hysterosalpingographic findings of patients presenting with infertility in Kano, Northern Nigeria |
|
| Jamilu Tukur, SafiyaUsman Zahradeen, IdrisUsman Takai, MohammedAbba Suwaid, UsmanMuhammad Ibrahim | | New Nigerian Journal of Clinical Research. 2021; 10(17): 14 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
The Diagnostic Value of Hysterosalpingography and Hysterolaparoscopy for Evaluating Uterine Cavity and Tubal Patency in Infertile Patients |
|
| Soumya R Panda, B Kalpana | | Cureus. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
ROLE OF CONVENTIONAL HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY IN THE WORK UP OF FEMALE INFERTILITY IN RURAL TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, INDIA |
|
| P Lakshmi, V Venkatarathnam, Ramesh Kumar | | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. 2021; : 4 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Hysterosalpingographic evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected infertile women |
|
| Dolongo C. Onyangunga, Jagidesa Moodley | | South African Journal of Radiology. 2020; 24(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Structural findings of hysterosalpingography in infertile women in Enugu, southeast Nigeria |
|
| NgoziR Njeze, SalomeN Ezeofor | | International Journal of Medicine and Health Development. 2020; 25(2): 96 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Evaluation of hysterosalpingographic findings among patients presenting with infertility |
|
| Hind Toufig, Tarek Benameur, Mohammed-Elfatih Twfieg, Hiba Omer, Tamara El-Musharaf | | Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2020; 27(11): 2876 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Ameliorative effect of edible
Halopteris scoparia
against cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity in male mice: A biochemical and histopathologic study
|
|
| Özlem Güner, Adem Güner, Altug Yavasoglu, Nefise Ülkü Karabay Yavasoglu, Oya Kavlak | | Andrologia. 2020; 52(6) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Effect of education and counselling on reducing pain and anxiety in women undergoing hysterosalpingography: A randomised controlled trial |
|
| Gulten Guvenc, Burcin Bektas Pardes, Mehmet Ferdi Kinci, Kazim Emre Karasahin | | Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2020; 29(9-10): 1653 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Hysterosalpingography Findings and Jimah Ratio of the Uterine Cavity in Women with Infertility in Central Region, Ghana |
|
| Bashiru Babatunde Jimah, Philip Gorleku, Anthony Baffour Appiah, Daniele La Forgia | | Radiology Research and Practice. 2020; 2020: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
